Manganelli, Kimberly Snyder (2012). Transatlantic spectacles of race: the tragic mulatta and the tragic muse. Rutgers University Press 

Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (2004). Birthing a Slave: Motherhood and Medicine in the Antebellum South. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press

Johnson, Walter. “The Slave Trader, the White Slave, and the Politics of Racial Determination in the 1850s”. The Journal of American History. 87 (1)